Imaging tests used to diagnose cancers of the larynx and hypopharynx include computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), chest X-ray and ultrasound.

In a CT scan, several X-rays are taken of the body from different angles. A computer then combines these images to create a cross-sectional scan of the inside of the body. A CT scan may show tumors within the larynx and hypopharynx or enlarged lymph nodes.

MRI is a more sensitive scan that uses magnetic fields to create a clearer picture of soft tissue. This test is better able to detect tumors of the nasopharynx and the spread of cancer to nearby tissues and lymph nodes.

Ultrasound uses a probe that bounces sound waves off of internal organs. The time it takes for the sound waves to echo back to the source differs for each organ. A computer then translates this information into a video screen image. This test is sometimes used to detect the spread of cancer to the liver.

A barium swallow is a series of X-rays that are taken after the patient has ingested barium, which coats the surface of the esophagus and highlights its contours. A chest X-ray is routine for people with head and neck cancers to see if the cancer has spread to the lungs or if a concomitant lung cancer is present.

A biopsy may be performed if cancer is suspect. In this procedure, a small piece of the tissue is removed and examined under a microscope for abnormalities in the cells. A biopsy that includes surrounding tissue and lymph nodes can determine if the cancer has spread to these areas.